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| Keywords: catherine of aragon european royalty portrait catherineofaragoneuropeanroyaltyportrait phillip ii phillipii spanish royalty spanishroyalty people indoor was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, King of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king of England, as husband of Mary I from 1554 to 1558[1][2], lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories, such as Duke or Count; and King of Portugal and the Algarves as Philip I from 1581. He ruled one of the largest global empires the world had ever seen which included territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip's dominions further included the Kingdom of Sicily, the Duchy of Milan, and Franche Comté, a strategically important territory on the eastern borders of the kingdom of France. During his reign, Spain was the foremost Western European power. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power. It must be kept in mind that at that time there was no united "Kingdom of Spain" and that the king was king of Castile and king of Aragon and King of Portugal and Duke of Burgundy and the Netherlands and so on,which were separate kingdoms and realms with their own structures, laws and usages. Philip was born in Valladolid, the eldest son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his consort Isabella of Portugal. Philip was married four times and had children with three of his wives. Even so, most of his children died young. This was during a time when disease carried away up to 50% of the children in the royal nursery. Philip's first wife was his double first cousin, Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal; she was daughter of John III of Portugal and Catherine of Habsburg. Philip and Maria were both young and the prince displayed no affection for his wife. The marriage produced one son, who Maria died giving birth to. * Carlos, Prince of Asturias, (July 8, 1545 – July 24, 1568), died unmarried and no issue Philip's second wife was his second cousin Mary I of England. Mary was significantly older then Philip, and the marriage was political - although Philip did his best to be kind to the queen. By this marriage, Philip became consort of England, but the marriage produced no children and Mary died in 1558. Philip's third wife was Elisabeth of Valois, she was the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici. Elisabeth was very young at the time, and Philip was very attached to her. For the most part, their union was quite harmonious. Their marriage produced five children, Elisabeth died giving birth to the youngest. Philip deeply mourned this loss. * Miscarried twin daughters (1564) * Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, married Albert VII, Archduke of Austria but had no issue. * Catherine Michelle of Spain, married Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and had issue. * miscarried daughter (1568) Philip's forth and final wife was Anne of Austria, who was also his niece. This marriage produced four sons and a daughter. The king was said to have been very much in love with the young and fair Anna. (There are no records of mistresses during this time in his life.) Anna had a personality very much like his own, and he was devoted to her. Their children were * Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias: 4 December 1571 – 18 October 1578, died young * Carlos Lorenzo: 12 August 1573 – 30 June 1575, died young * Diego, Prince of Asturias: 15 August 1575 – 21 November 1582, died young * Philip: 3 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (future king, Philip III of Spain) * Maria: 14 February 1580 – 5 August 1583, died young Anglo-American societies have generally held a very low opinion of Philip II. The traditional approach is perhaps epitomized by James Johonnot's Ten Great Events in History, in which he describes Philip II as a "vain, bigoted, and ambitious" monarch who "had no scruples in regard to means... placed freedom of thought under a ban, and put an end to the intellectual progress of the country".[8] Spanish apologists sometimes classify this analysis as part of the Black Legend. The defence of the Catholic Church and the defeat and destruction of the Protestantism was one of his most important goals. He did not fully accomplish this; England broke with Rome after the death of Mary, the Holy Roman Empire remained partly Protestant and the revolt in Holland continued. Nevertheless, he prevented Protestantism from gaining a grip in Spain and Portugal and the colonies in the New World, and successfully re-established Catholicism in the reconquered southern half of the Low Countries. Philip was a complex man. He was given to suspicion of members of his court, and was something of a meddlesome micro-manager; but he was not the cruel tyrant painted by his opponents and subsequent anglophile histories. He took great care in administering his dominions, and was known to intervene personally on behalf of the humblest of his subjects. Philip II died in 1598. His was a painful death which involved a severe attack of gout, fever and dropsy. He died in El Escorial, near Madrid, and was succeeded by his son Philip III. The Philippines, a former Spanish colony, is named in his honor. was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, King of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king of England, as husband of Mary I from 1554 to 1558[1][2], lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories, such as Duke or Count; and King of Portugal and the Algarves as Philip I from 1581. He ruled one of the largest global empires the world had ever seen which included territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip's dominions further included the Kingdom of Sicily, the Duchy of Milan, and Franche Comté, a strategically important territory on the eastern borders of the kingdom of France. During his reign, Spain was the foremost Western European power. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power. It must be kept in mind that at that time there was no united "Kingdom of Spain" and that the king was king of Castile and king of Aragon and King of Portugal and Duke of Burgundy and the Netherlands and so on,which were separate kingdoms and realms with their own structures, laws and usages. Philip was born in Valladolid, the eldest son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his consort Isabella of Portugal. Philip was married four times and had children with three of his wives. Even so, most of his children died young. This was during a time when disease carried away up to 50% of the children in the royal nursery. Philip's first wife was his double first cousin, Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal; she was daughter of John III of Portugal and Catherine of Habsburg. Philip and Maria were both young and the prince displayed no affection for his wife. The marriage produced one son, who Maria died giving birth to. * Carlos, Prince of Asturias, (July 8, 1545 – July 24, 1568), died unmarried and no issue Philip's second wife was his second cousin Mary I of England. Mary was significantly older then Philip, and the marriage was political - although Philip did his best to be kind to the queen. By this marriage, Philip became consort of England, but the marriage produced no children and Mary died in 1558. Philip's third wife was Elisabeth of Valois, she was the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici. Elisabeth was very young at the time, and Philip was very attached to her. For the most part, their union was quite harmonious. Their marriage produced five children, Elisabeth died giving birth to the youngest. Philip deeply mourned this loss. * Miscarried twin daughters (1564) * Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, married Albert VII, Archduke of Austria but had no issue. * Catherine Michelle of Spain, married Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and had issue. * miscarried daughter (1568) Philip's forth and final wife was Anne of Austria, who was also his niece. This marriage produced four sons and a daughter. The king was said to have been very much in love with the young and fair Anna. (There are no records of mistresses during this time in his life.) Anna had a personality very much like his own, and he was devoted to her. Their children were * Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias: 4 December 1571 – 18 October 1578, died young * Carlos Lorenzo: 12 August 1573 – 30 June 1575, died young * Diego, Prince of Asturias: 15 August 1575 – 21 November 1582, died young * Philip: 3 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (future king, Philip III of Spain) * Maria: 14 February 1580 – 5 August 1583, died young Anglo-American societies have generally held a very low opinion of Philip II. The traditional approach is perhaps epitomized by James Johonnot's Ten Great Events in History, in which he describes Philip II as a "vain, bigoted, and ambitious" monarch who "had no scruples in regard to means... placed freedom of thought under a ban, and put an end to the intellectual progress of the country".[8] Spanish apologists sometimes classify this analysis as part of the Black Legend. The defence of the Catholic Church and the defeat and destruction of the Protestantism was one of his most important goals. He did not fully accomplish this; England broke with Rome after the death of Mary, the Holy Roman Empire remained partly Protestant and the revolt in Holland continued. Nevertheless, he prevented Protestantism from gaining a grip in Spain and Portugal and the colonies in the New World, and successfully re-established Catholicism in the reconquered southern half of the Low Countries. Philip was a complex man. He was given to suspicion of members of his court, and was something of a meddlesome micro-manager; but he was not the cruel tyrant painted by his opponents and subsequent anglophile histories. He took great care in administering his dominions, and was known to intervene personally on behalf of the humblest of his subjects. Philip II died in 1598. His was a painful death which involved a severe attack of gout, fever and dropsy. He died in El Escorial, near Madrid, and was succeeded by his son Philip III. The Philippines, a former Spanish colony, is named in his honor. | ||||
