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| Keywords: Egyptian - Scarab with a King Holding a Captive - Walters 42381 - Impression.jpg The ancient Egyptians believed that the dung beetle the Scarabaeus sacer was one of the manifestations of the sun god Representations of these beetles were used as amulets and for ritual or administrative purposes The bottom of this scarab displays a motif which shows King Ramesses II smiting an enemy The king grabs the captive with one hand by his hair and swings back his sickle-sword with the other The vehemence of the movement is supported by his striding posture having the front foot on the ground but the heal of the back foot lifted The captive's lower body faces to the right his head and raised arms turned towards the king in a capitulation gesture Ramesses II wears a knee length shendyt and the so-called Blue crown with Uraeus-serpent and long crown sash; a sun disc flanked by two Uraei cobras is above his head It is notable that the sword and the sun disk appear together in the top of the text field The captive is dressed in a calf length shendyt and has a Nubian hairstyle The lower round below a horizontal scene divider displays the unification icon with papyrus and lotus plants combined with two kneeling fettered captives a Nubian left and a Libyan with a feather in his hair right The inscription in front of the king contains his throne name behind his back is an epithet and between his legs an nb-basket The figure of the king dominates the upper register by its size and movement - conveying victorious power The turned position of the captive with raised arms the slightly bent upper body and the small step with one raised foot demonstrates insecurity The arrangement of the hieroglyphs as well as the baseline with the unification icon below creates a frame which conveys a solar earthly and royal dimension The back of the scarab is flat and pronotum dorsal plate of the prothorax its highest point Pronotum and elytron wing cases have double separation lines The head section consists of a semicircular head flanked by quarter-spherical eyes trapezoidal side plates and a four times serrated clypeus front plate The slender extremities have natural form with some diagonal hatch lines on the ends of the legs for the tibial teeth and pilosity hair The oval base is symmetrical The scarab is longitudinally pierced was originally mounted or threaded and functioned as an amulet It should secure the presence and victorious power of the king and provides a private owner with his royal patronage and protection The high quality of the piece makes it likely that it was produced and used in the royal court One can speculate if such scarabs were distributed to high officials especially in the military The motif of the unification icon with fettered captives appears also on a scarab in the Pushkin Museum no 2338 displaying Ramesses II seated on a Sed-festival throne or litter accompanied by Month and Seth; the name of Ramesses is also written without cartouche It is likely that both scarabs belong to a series between 1279 1213 BC New Kingdom black serpentine cm 1 4 2 2 8 accession number 42 381 37798 Henry Walters Baltimore date and mode of acquisition unknown Walters Art Museum Henry Walters Acquired by Henry Walters Translation Throne name of King Ramesses II combined with powerful epithets User-Maat-Re setep-en-Re; / Victorious King ; / Lord of Strength place of origin Egypt Walters Art Museum license 2D Ancient Egyptian scarabs in the Walters Art Museum Hieroglyphs on scarabs Knife hieroglyph Arm with stick hieroglyph POWs in Ancient Egypt | ||||
